BOOK II
CHAPTER 23 ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY:
The Martyrdom of James, who was called the Brother of
the Lord.
1. But after Paul, in consequence of his appeal to Cæsar, had been sent to Rome by Festus,
the Jews, being frustrated in their hope of entrapping him by the snares which they had
laid for him, turned against James, the brother of the Lord, to whom the episcopal seat
at Jerusalem had been entrusted by the apostles. The following daring measures were
undertaken by them against him.
FRIENDS. THIS "EPISCOPAL SEAT"
IS THE HIGHEST SEAT OF THE CHURCH ON THE EARTH.
2. Leading him [JAMES] into their midst they demanded of him that he should renounce faith in
Christ in the presence of all the people. But, contrary to the opinion of all, with a clear
voice, and with greater boldness than they had anticipated, he spoke out before the whole
multitude and confessed that our Saviour and Lord Jesus is the Son of God. But they were
unable to bear longer the testimony of the man who, on account of the excellence of ascetic
virtue and of piety which he exhibited in his life, was esteemed by all as the most just of
men, and consequently they slew him. Opportunity for this deed of violence was furnished
by the prevailing anarchy, which was caused by the fact that Festus had died just at this
time in Judea, and that the province was thus without a governor and head.
3. The manner of James' death has been already indicated by the above-quoted words of
Clement, who records that he was thrown from the pinnacle of the temple, and was beaten
to death with a club. But Hegesippus, who lived immediately after the apostles, gives the
most accurate account in the fifth book of his Memoirs. He writes as follows:
4. James, the brother of the Lord, succeeded to the government of the Church in conjunction
with the apostles. He has been called the Just by all from the time of our Saviour to the
present day; for there were many that bore the name of James.
5. He was holy from his mother's womb; and he drank no wine nor strong drink, nor did
he eat flesh. No razor came upon his head; he did not anoint himself with oil, and he did
not use the bath.
READ UP ON THE VOW OF A NAZARITE IN NUMBERS 6 & JUDGES 13 & 16
6. He alone was permitted to enter into the holy place; for he wore not woolen but linen
garments. And he was in the habit of entering alone into the temple, and was frequently
found upon his knees begging forgiveness for the people, so that his knees became hard like those of a camel, in consequence of his constantly bending them in his worship of
God, and asking forgiveness for the people.
HE WEARS LINEN GARMENTS.
JUST AS THE PRIESTS ARE INSTRUCTED.
HE ENTERS THE TEMPLE ALONE.
HE BEGS FORGIVENESS. UPON HIS KNEES.
HE PRAYS ASKING FORGIVENESS FOR THE PEOPLE.
SURELY HE IS RIGHTEOUS.
7. Because of his exceeding great justice he was called the Just, and Oblias, which signifies
in Greek, 'Bulwark of the people' and 'Justice,' in accordance with what the prophets
declare concerning him.
WHAT DID THE PROPHETS DECLARE ABOUT JAMES?
WHERE CAN WE READ WHAT WAS WRITTEN? WHICH PROPHETS?
8. Now some of the seven sects, which existed among the people and which have been
mentioned by me in the Memoirs, asked him, 'What is the gate of Jesus?' and he replied
that he was the Saviour.
WHO WERE THESE (7) SEVEN SECTS?
9. On account of these words some believed that Jesus is the Christ. But the sects mentioned
above did not believe either in a resurrection or in one's coming to give to every man
according to his works. But as many as believed did so on account of James.
10. Therefore when many even of the rulers believed, there was a commotion among the
Jews and Scribes and Pharisees, who said that there was danger that the whole people
would be looking for Jesus as the Christ. Coming therefore in a body to James they said:
'We entreat you, restrain the people; for they are gone astray in regard to Jesus, as if he
were the Christ. We entreat you to persuade all that have come to the feast of the Passover
concerning Jesus; for we all have confidence in you. For we bear you witness, as do all the
people, that you are just, and do not respect persons. Matthew 22:16
11.
Therefore, persuade the multitude not to be led astray concerning Jesus. For the whole
people, and all of us also, have confidence in you. Stand therefore upon the pinnacle of the
temple, that from that high position you may be clearly seen, and that your words may be
readily heard by all the people.
For all the tribes, with the Gentiles also, have come together
on account of the Passover.'
12. The aforesaid Scribes and Pharisees therefore placed James upon the pinnacle of the
temple, and cried out to him and said:
'You just one, in whom we ought all to have
confidence, forasmuch as the people are led astray after Jesus, the crucified one, declare to
us, what is the gate of Jesus.'
13. And he answered with a loud voice:
'Why do you ask me concerning Jesus, the Son of
Man? He himself sits in heaven at the right hand of the great Power, and is about to come
upon the clouds of heaven.'
14. And when many were fully convinced and gloried in the testimony of James, and said,
'Hosanna to the Son of David,' these same Scribes and Pharisees said again to one another:
'We have done badly in supplying such testimony to Jesus. But let us go up and throw him
down, in order that they may be afraid to believe him.'
15. And they cried out, saying, 'Oh! Oh! The just man is also in error.' And they fulfilled
the Scripture written in Isaiah:
'Let us take away the just man, because he is troublesome
to us: therefore they shall eat the fruit of their doings.'
16. So they went up and threw down the just man, and said to each other:
'Let us stone
James the Just.'
And they began to stone him, for he was not killed by the fall; but he turned
and knelt down and said:
'I entreat you, Lord God our Father, forgive them, for they know
not what they do.' Luke 23:34
17. And while they were thus stoning him one of the priests of the sons of Rechab, the son
of the Rechabites, who are mentioned by Jeremiah the prophet, cried out, saying:
'Stop.
What are you doing? The just one prays for you.'
18. And one of them, who was a fuller, took the club with which he beat out clothes and
struck the just man on the head. And thus he suffered martyrdom. And they buried him
on the spot, by the temple, and his monument still remains by the temple. He became a
true witness, both to Jews and Greeks, that Jesus is the Christ. And immediately Vespasian
besieged them.
19. These things are related at length by Hegesippus, who is in agreement with Clement.
James was so admirable a man and so celebrated among all for his justice, that the more
sensible even of the Jews were of the opinion that this was the cause of the siege of
Jerusalem, which happened to them immediately after his martyrdom for no other reason
than their daring act against him.
20. Josephus, at least, has not hesitated to testify this in his writings, where he says, These
things happened to the Jews to avenge James the Just, who was a brother of Jesus, that is
called the Christ. For the Jews slew him, although he was a most just man.
21. And the same writer records his death also in the twentieth book of his Antiquities
in the following words: But the emperor, when he learned of the death of Festus, sent
Albinus to be procurator of Judea. But the younger Ananus, who, as we have already said,
had obtained the high priesthood, was of an exceedingly bold and reckless disposition. He
belonged, moreover, to the sect of the Sadducees, who are the most cruel of all the Jews in
the execution of judgment, as we have already shown.
22. Ananus, therefore, being of this character, and supposing that he had a favorable
opportunity on account of the fact that Festus was dead, and Albinus was still on the way,
called together the Sanhedrin, and brought before them the brother of Jesus, the so-called
Christ, James by name, together with some others, and accused them of violating the law,
and condemned them to be stoned.
23. But those in the city who seemed most moderate and skilled in the law were very
angry at this, and sent secretly to the king, requesting him to order Ananus to cease such
proceedings. For he had not done right even this first time. And certain of them also went
to meet Albinus, who was journeying from Alexandria, and reminded him that it was not
lawful for Ananus to summon the Sanhedrin without his knowledge.
24. And Albinus, being persuaded by their representations, wrote in anger to Ananus,
threatening him with punishment. And the king, Agrippa, in consequence, deprived him of the high priesthood, which he had held three months, and appointed Jesus, the son of
Damnæus.
25. These things are recorded in regard to James, who is said to be the author of the first
of the so-called catholic epistles. But it is to be observed that it is disputed; at least, not
many of the ancients have mentioned it, as is the case likewise with the epistle that bears
the name of Jude, which is also one of the seven so-called catholic epistles. Nevertheless
we know that these also, with the rest, have been read publicly in very many churches.